What type of inspections does USDA conduct on animal research facilities?

The correct answer is unannounced inspections because the USDA conducts these inspections to assess compliance with the Animal Welfare Act. By not informing facilities in advance, the USDA can observe routine practices and the actual living conditions of animals without any modifications that might occur if the facilities were aware of the upcoming inspection. This approach helps ensure that facilities adhere to regulations consistently, not just during scheduled visits.

Scheduled or announced inspections, on the other hand, could lead to an artificial environment where facilities might temporarily enhance conditions or change routines in anticipation of the inspection. Inspections upon complaint also do not encompass the comprehensive oversight needed to ensure ongoing compliance across all facilities. Therefore, unannounced inspections play a crucial role in maintaining high standards of animal welfare in research settings.